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Introduction In the pursuit of a resilient and progressive agricultural system, the incorporation of diverse fertilizers is deemed essential. This practice not only enhances product quality but also aids in cost reduction. However, over-reliance on a specific type of input can inadvertently lead to unintended repercussions. The unrestricted utilization of chemical fertilizers, for instance, can precipitate adverse outcomes such as imbalanced pH levels, the accumulation of heavy elements, soil...
Topics: Biological fertilizer, Heat stress, Khuzestan, Sugarcane compost, Wheat
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Introduction Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth, a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, exemplified by...
Topics: Azospirillium, Chlorophyll content, Grain filling period, Root weight
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Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L.), as one of the most important cereals, is the main food of more than 50% of the world's population. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields has caused many environmental problems. Therefore, the application of biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of crops and produce more food is one of the important goals of sustainable agriculture, which is necessary for human life. Bacteria is an example of biological...
Topics: Grain yield Lysine, Methionine, NPK concentration, Plant growth promoting bacteria
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Introduction In recent decades, the introduction of high-yielding cultivars under optimal conditions has been the main focus of grain research programs. The identification of wheat cultivars that have acceptable yields on different planting dates has been taken into account. Materials and Methods The present split-plot test was performed with three replications in two cropping years, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The main factor included three planting dates (October 20, November 20, and December 20...
Topics: Growth habit, Harvest index, Leaf nitrogen, Radiation use efficiency
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Introduction Covering a staggering 215 million hectares, wheat stands as the world's most extensively cultivated crop plant. Just like its botanical counterparts, wheat operates as an obligate aerobic organism, implying its reliance on absorbing oxygen from the surrounding environment to facilitate growth, proliferation, and the successful completion of its life cycle. Annual instances of waterlogging stress inflict harm upon wheat crops, attributed to inadequate irrigation practices, subpar...
Topics: Photosynthesis rate, Root volume, Stomatal conductance, Susceptibility index
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Introduction Food security is one of the basic needs of any society. Studies have been conducted on the foliar application of elements, especially silicon, calcium, and potassium, to reduce the adverse environmental effects on the physico-mechanical properties of cereals and improve their growth and development in order to maintain food security. Lodging, which is caused by a decrease in the mechanical properties of the plant stem's flexural strength, is characterized by bending or fracture...
Topics: Calcium chloride, Cutting test, Potassium sulfate, Sodium silicate, Yield
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Introduction One of the main challenges of modern agriculture in ensuring food security is development of strategies to deal with potential negative impacts and adapt to climate change. To address this challenge, it is crucial to investigate the effects of climatic factors on agricultural production at a spatiotemporal dimension, develop and utilize crop management decision-support tools, and support targeted agronomic research and policy. These endeavors necessitate the availability of...
Topics: Climate adaptation, Panel data analysis, Phenology, Simulation model, Yield variability
Introduction The shortage of water in Iran is always considered as a limiting factor in the production of crops. Among them, its effect on growth, absorption of nutrients and the metabolic processes of plants is different and can reduce the growth. The amount of this decrease is always associated with significant changes in the qualitative properties of plants, including medicinal plants. Hence, this investigation was carried out with the aim of improving the essential oil yield of peppermint...
Topics: Compost, DPPH, Oil content, Pigment
Introduction Rice is the second most important cereal in the world, and it has the highest water requirement among grain crops. Applying different irrigation methods is necessary in order to determine the best method to achieve maximum yield. Therefore, in this research, the effects of flooding and underneath conditions on chlorophyll fluorescence and agronomic traits of rice have been investigated. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 2017 at the research farm of...
Topics: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Clay capsule, Irrigation, Water efficiency, yield
Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food for more than half of the world’s population. In 2011, worldwide rice production exceeded 672 million mt. Iran ranked 20th in terms of rice production in the world. Plant spacing has an important role on growth and yield of rice. Optimum plant density ensures the plant to grow properly with their aerial and underground parts by utilizing more solar radiation and soil nutrients. Timing of nitrogen application had a significant role...
Topics: Cultivar grain yield, Nitrogen applying time, Planting distance, Year
Introduction: The negative effects of heat stress on plants are seriously problems, which often cause damage to crops throughout the world. High temperature driven degradation of chlorophyll reduces photosynthetic capacity. Moreover, impaired transport of photosynthate (carbohydrate mobilization) from green organs (source) to anther tissues (sink) leads to high pollen mortality and thereby decreases grain yield. In environmental stress, plant tolerance should be increased. Therefore some...
Topics: Calcium chloride, grain yield, Number of grains per spike, Planting date, Selenium
Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factor in reducing the yield of agricultural products worldwide. Salinity and defoliation stresses are the most important environmental stresses that affect the properties and production of plants. Salinity stress is also considered as a hyperionic stress and is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization...
Topics: Carbohydrate, Leaf relative water, Mashhad, Membrane constant coefficient, Proline
Introduction Safflower is an annual plant native to the Mediterranean countries and cultivated in Europe and U.S. Safflower petals are very important as a source of medicinal preparations, natural food color and dyes for coloring fabrics. Water deficit stress severely limits crop growth especially in arid and semiarid regions of the world as it affects all stages of plant growth and development. Exposure to environmental stresses such as drought stress, heat stress, cold stress, salt stress and...
Topics: Anthocyanin, Flavonoid, Phenol, Phenylalanine ammonialase
Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's largest cultivated plants and one of the most important aspects in wheat breeding is the stability of cultivars under various environmental conditions. The stability of a product is, in fact, its ability to survive in a particular environment. In other words, a plant must be able to tolerate cold, heat, shortage or excess water, changes in the length of the day, the intensity of light, and a wide range of chemical and physical...
Topics: morphology, Phenology, wheat, Yield and yield components
Introduction: The global approach to produce oilseed is sustainable agricultural system, and their management practices such as the use of organic and biological fertilizers to enhance the quantitative and qualitative performance of oilseed crops. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) a multipurpose plant and cultivate mainly due to the high quality of its oil, and it belonged to the Asteraceae family. Foliar application of plant growth motivate is an effective way of stimulate plant growth and...
Topics: Fatty acidHarvest date, Oil yield, Pigeon manure extract
Introduction Sugar beet is one of the important industrial crops in sugar production industry. Recently, Iranian farmers have encountered some challenges such as restricting government support and lack of water for irrigation. Therefore, sugar beet production has declined in recent years. In addition, lack of precision planting equipment, dependency on labour force in weed control and synchronizing sugar beet planting with irrigation of other crops such as cereals has increased problems for...
Topics: Extraction coefficient of sugar, Root impurities, Root yield, Transplanting
Introduction In recent decades, sustainable agricultural management, protection of soil living organism’s community and the efforts to use biological solutions for plant nutrition and society health has been considered. Among soil microorganisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the most promising, including all bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane, which able to stimulate plant growth and yield. The modes of action of PGPR are clearly diverse and not all...
Topics: Drought stress, grain yield, Oil percentage, Protein percentage
Introduction A major component in a crop growth model is leaf area development, which has crucial influence on photosynthesis and transpiration. Leaf area development involves the appearance of new leaves, expansion of the newly emerged leaves and senescence of old leaves. Modeling leaf growth has been extensively studied in many crops including cereals. Methods of predicting leaf area development are diverse from those dealing with the individual component processes of leaf growth, viz., leaf...
Topics: Growing degree days, Leaf area, Modeling, Senesced leaves, Total plant leaf number
Introduction Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. Anatomical changes in plants under environmental stress can reduce the vascular bundles area such as Xylem area; as a result, these changes can protect cells from death and dieback. There was a difference in terms of pollen germination at times after anthers’ opening. Variety Minyhui 63 had the highest germination rate (85%) at time 0 or immediately after anthers’ opening; but for variety Rufipogon with lower germination rate (60%),...
Topics: Rice, planting dates, Anatomy, floret
Introduction Since the development of crop cultivation and their yield depend on irrigation and since drought is one of the features of our country, one of the solutions to deal with these problems is the implementation of applied research in the field of stress-resistant plants cultivation such as quinoa. Also, considering the important role of potassium and zinc elements in the plant, providing a sufficient amount of these elements under drought stress can be effective in increasing the...
Topics: Biological yield, Crop capacity, Photosynthetic pigments, Seed yield
Introduction Salinity is one of the major constraints to wheat growth, which hampers production, causing yield loss in arid and semi-arid regions. Reductions in growth resulting from high salinity are because of both osmotic stress, inducing a water deficit, and the effects of excess Na + and Cl – ions on critical biochemical processes. Salt stress induces a significant reduction in photosynthesis through the reduction of leaf area and photosynthetic pigments. Several strategies have been...
Topics: Biofertilizers, Mycorrhiza, Putrescine, Relative water content, Salinity
Introduction In arid and semi-arid regions, drought stress as the main factor and salinity stress as a secondary factor decreases plant growth and yield. Water limitation can damage pigments and plastids, and reduce chlorophyll index, rate, and grain filling period. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by environmental stresses on plant growth. Among them, the use of bio-fertilizers such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and also nanoparticles...
Topics: Anthocyanin, Chlorophyll index, Flag leaf protein, 1000 grains weight, Pseudomonas
Introduction For optimal production and maintaining its stability, environmental and weather conditions must be determined from the perspective of capabilities and limitations. For this purpose, it requires reliable regional data such as planting date, ripening time, plant density, soil, and meteorological information, which are generally not available for most regions. Obtaining this information is very time-consuming and expensive in many areas and is often simply not possible. Therefore,...
Topics: Climate, Cultivated area, Distribution map, Production center, Soil map
Introduction Fennel is a cross-pollinating plant and one of the most important medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family, whose essential oil is widely used in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Fennel originated from the Mediterranean region and is a biennial or perennial species. Fennel essential oil has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic effects. Improving yield is one of the important goals of breeding, and the use...
Topics: Heritability, Heterosis, Synthetic cultivars
Introduction In recent decades, the need for increased food production has resulted in the expansion of intensified agriculture practices characterized by high consumption of inputs, thereby reducing agricultural sustainability. The agricultural sector's contribution to the world's energy consumption, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions has grown substantially. Emissions of greenhouse gases have negative ecological effects, including climate change, global warming, and diminished...
Topics: Carbon efficiency, Ecological capacity, Fossil fuel, Global warming potential, Nitrogen fertilizer
Introduction Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting factors in agroecosystems all around the world. However, high application rates of N fertilizers would lead to negative environmental consequences. Reduction of N fertilizers consumption decreases production costs and environmental pollution. Therefore, N efficiency to be enhanced due to the high N fertilizer cost and required measures to prevent the waste of N. Cultivation of diverse crop cultivars with higher resources absorption and...
Topics: Environmental health, Fertilization management, Harvest index, Nitrogen efficiency, Tuber nitrogen...
Introduction The effect of salinity stress on the quantity and quality of crop production highlights the importance of managing and reducing the damage caused by this stress factor in agriculture. Increasing soil salinity and decreasing fertility of arable lands is one of the major problems in saline areas. Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops which can increase soil fertility could be effective in the sustainable production of these lands. Studying photosynthesis and its related factors could...
Topics: Biomass, Chlorophyll, Evapotranspiration, Seed yield, stomatal conductance
Introduction Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual plant from the buttercup family that has been used in food industry and cosmetic products in addition to its medicinal value. It is well known that abiotic stresses especially drought stress are very restrictive factors for agricultural production around the world. Drought stress affects a vast range of morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants. Due to the decrease and shortage of agricultural water...
Topics: Drought stress, Essential oil, grain yield, Priming, Spraying
Introduction: One of the basic principles of sustainable agriculture is application of biologic and organic fertilizers in order to reduce chemical inputs consumption and increase soil fertility. Application of manure improves biological activity, physicochemical properties and water holding capacity in soil. Despite these positive effects, increased weed seed bank, outbreak of pests and diseases and accumulation of ammonia in the root of plants are the disadvantages of manure application. Due...
Topics: Compost amendment, Endophytic fungi, Organic fertilizer, Yield component
Introduction The yield of wheat in Iran is very low as compared to the other wheat producing countries. One of the most important effective factors is water shortage. Water shortage can damage pigments and plastids, reduce chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, rate and grain filling period. One approach to improve the salt stress problem is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza. The PGPR are a group of rhizosphere colonizing bacteria that produce substances to increase...
Topics: Azospirilum, Mycorrhiza, Photosynthetic pigments, Water limitation
Introduction Development of new canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties need effective tools to monitor characterizes association in yield and its components. Although, determination of the response of oil seeds cultivars to environmental variables is one of the principal of agriculture planning to achieve maximum qualitative and quantitative yield. Water deficit stress and sufficient nutrition are the most important factors limiting yield production by changing the physiological processes of the...
Topics: Micro Nutrition, Water deficit, Water use efficiency, Yield and component yield
Introduction Soil is one of the most important components of production, food security, self-sufficiency and national economy. Soil of semi-arid regions, which most of Iran's agricultural lands are located in these areas, are poor in terms of organic matter. The soil tillage operations are carried out by means of moldboard plow and removal of plant residue in most of the agricultural systems. This operation, called conventional tillage, requires not only high energy but also damages to soil...
Topics: Conservation tillage, Minimum tillage, Soil Moisture, Tomato residue
Introduction Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is known as the most valuable forage in the world due to its resistance to drought, the high quality of forage and high adaptability, high shelf life and high protein. Desirable nutrition of alfalfa is one of the key factors in the quantity and quality of seed and forage production. In alfalfa production, optimum nutrition is one of the key factors in the growth and development of the product and has a direct effect on the yield of forage and seed. The...
Topics: Fertilizer, Hamedani ecotype, Rehnani ecotype, Vigor seed
Introduction Luteolin is one of the most important flavonoids, which release from seeds during the first four hours of imbibition. On the other hand, at present, salinity is one of the most important factors in reducing crop production. The results of some studies show that the use of external flavonoids increases expression of nod genes, yield and nodulation in some legumes species under stress conditions. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of...
Topics: β-galactosidase, inducers, lacZ gene, luteolin, seed exudate
Introduction Medicinal plants are looked upon not only as a source of affordable health care products but also as a source of income. There is a growing demand for plant-based medicines, health products, essential oils, fragrances, cosmetics and natural aroma chemicals in the markets. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has several advantages such as higher net returns per unit area, low incidence of pests and diseases, improvement of degraded and marginal soils, longer shelf life of...
Topics: Medicinal plant, Additive series, Land equivalent ratio, Efficiency
Introduction Seed priming is widely used for enhancing seedling performance by improving the rate and uniformity of germination and decreasing seed sensitivity to external factors. Several types of seed priming are commonly used: Hydro-priming, halo-priming, osmo-priming, thermo-priming, solid matrix-priming and bio-priming. Seed size is another factor that can affect seed germination and seedling establishment. Seed size is an important physical indicator of seed quality that affects...
Topics: Folammin, Growth ratio, Osmopriming, Productivity score
Introduction Garlic is a medicinal and cool season plant, but there is not much information on its level of cold tolerance. Khorasan province is one of the suitable areas for growing garlic. The conventional planting date of garlic in this region takes place between 6 October and 5 December. Available evidences shows that garlic plants have been affected by cold stress due to inappropriate planting date. Some researchers have recommended the use of controlled freezing tests as a suitable...
Topics: Cold, Cold acclimation, freezing temperature, Planting date
IntroductionDrought is one of the most important causes of decline in agricultural productivity worldwide. TiO2 is one of the materials that nowadays, its properties have been reported to reduce environmental impact. TiO2 with increasing activity of PS II light reduction, activity of chloroplast photophosphorylation, rubisco enzyme, nitrate reductase enzyme activity, catalase and peroxidase and improving the content of some essential elements in plant tissues, increases the yield of different...
Topics: Ascorbate peroxidase, Catalase, Chlorophyll content, Foliar application, Superoxide dismutase
Introduction: Effective use of sunlight is a great opportunity to improve crop productivity. In conditions without growth limiting factors, there is a linear relationship between radiation absorption and dry matter production in plants, that the slope of this relationship is radiation use efficiency. In addition to genotyping, radiation use efficiency is affected by crop management. Changes in density of rice varieties by affecting leaf area index and light extinction coefficient change the...
Topics: Hashemi cultivar, Leaf Area Index, Light extinction coefficient, Shading
Introduction Supplies of irrigation water are severely limited and water use efficiency (WUE) has become more vital, especially for valuable drought tolerant plants. Green cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a medicinal and spices plant adapted to arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Planting date, irrigation and plant density can affect quality and quantity of cumin. Seed yield of cumin decreases by increasing water deficit, despite absorbing water even in very low water potentials. Changes in...
Topics: Field capacity, Number of umbel per plant, Row spacing, Seed yield, Water stress
Introduction Simulation crop models allow to represent growth, phenological development and yield of crops and to evaluate new technologies or conditions not yet explored. The DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) is one of the most widely used modeling systems across the world. The DSSAT was developed with a modular structure to facilitate its maintenance and to include additional components to simulate cropping systems, considering different soils, climates, and...
Topics: chickpea cultivars, grain yield, Model calibration, Phonological development
Introduction Medicinal plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds, and these plants are thought to be safe to human beings and the environment compared to the synthetic medicines for the treatment of many diseases. The active principles of the plants are generally secondary metabolites. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an herbaceous and annual medicinal plant belonging to Apiaceae family which is planted in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) is...
Topics: Beneficial interaction, Stabilization of yield, Soil Conservation, Medicinal plants, resource use...
Introduction: Mixed cropping is one of the oldest and most commonly used agricultural activities in low-yield systems in many parts of the world. One of the factors contributing to the superiority of the mixed cropping to sole cropping is the correct selection of its components. When plants with a distinct root system and different canopy structures are placed next to each other, they occupy different ecological niches and have different spatial and temporal uses of environmental resources in a...
Topics: canopy, Leaf Area Index, Radiation absorption, Photosynthetic active radiation, yield
Introduction Today, medicinal plants have a special place in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum Moldavica L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In foliar application of plant nutrients the transfer rate of nutrients from the surface of the leaves to various organs of the plant has a great effect, particularly when leaves reach their maximum level. In this method, nutrients are directly aerobic and there is no problem of...
Topics: Ecotype, essential oil percentage, Organic fertilizers, Spraying
Introduction In recent years regulated deficit irrigation as a part of conservation and saving practices in water consumption has received attention. Vegetative growth stage of corn has a relative tolerance to water deficit stress. Therefore, yield loss is negligible. Nitrogen shortage stress leads to decrease in leaf area, leaf senescence and reduction of photosynthesis as a result of decrease in chlorophyll content. Roots play an important role in soil searching for water and nutrients. Root...
Topics: Crown root angle, Brace root angle, Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency
Introduction Recently self-sustaining, diversified, low-input, and energy-efficient agricultural systems like intercropping have been considered as the efficient way to achieve the sustainability in agriculture. Intercropping as an old agricultural practice, have been followed especially at the small scale and subsistence farming. It can be defined as the agricultural practice of growing two or more crops or ecotypes together in the same field. Intercropping brings diversity of species in the...
Topics: Bean ecotypes, Crop growth rate, Dry matter accomulation, Leaf area index
Introduction Savory plant ( Satureja bachtiarica ) belonging to the Lamiaceae family and the genus Satureja is considered as a valuable medicinal plant. Flowering branches are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. This plant is native of Iran and grows well in the western, southwestern and central regions of Iran. Cultivation of permanent medicinal plants adapted to the dryland farming conditions of each region can be the best option for alternative annual cereal cultivation....
Topics: Ambrothermic diagram, Canopy area, Cattle manure, Dry weight, Percentage of dry weight
Introduction Rice-duck cultivation is an integrated farming technology, which could increase rice production, grain quality and ecological sustainability in paddy fields. One of the main strategies in sustainable agriculture is the use of optimal cultivation systems in agricultural systems which could be increased the range of adaptation of rice to flooding depth and degree of moisture control. Rice-duck cultivation could be affective to weed control as well as reducing environmental pollution...
Topics: Hashemi cultivar, Rice-Duck, SRI cultivation system, Weeding
Introduction Growing degree days (GDD) and helio thermal units (HTU) are the temperature based agro-meteorological indices that play important role in predicting crop growth and yield. Growing degree days is based on the concept that the actual time to achieve a phenological stage is linearly related to base temperature (T b ) and optimum temperature. The efficiency of conversion of heat and radiation energy to dry matter depends on genetics factors and planting date. Heat summation units...
Topics: Growth degree days, Helio thermal units, Sprout development, Tuber bulking, Yield
Introduction Purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual and C4 plant belonging to the family portulacaceae. The plant is drought- and salt-tolerant which contains high amounts of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins. Nitrogen is the key element in soil fertility and crop production. Attention to the soil quality and health has increased in recent years, especially for sustainable production of medicinal crops. So that, for production of healthy food in industrialized...
Topics: Biosulfur, Cow manure, Mycorrhiza, Nitroxin, Vermicompost
Introduction Wheat is the most important crop in the world, which has always been of particular importance since its domestication and has the highest cultivated area among crops. Wheat is the main food of most people in many parts of the world. Among the factors that reduce wheat production, weeds are of particular importance and according to the studies; the average weed damage in wheat fields is 23%. Mixed cropping systems based on carefully designed species mixtures reveal many potential...
Topics: Carotenoid, Chlorophyll a, Peroxidase, Setareh cultivar, Weed biomass
Introduction Soil bacteria plays an important role in bio-geochemical cycles that cause soil ecosystem dynamics to return nutrients to life cycles. In recent days, these organisms can serve as complementary or, in some cases, alternative fertilizers, to maintain the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystem. On the other hand, the production of high-yielding cultivars has increased the consumption of agricultural inputs, especially fertilizers, which has caused a crisis of environmental...
Topics: Biomass, Biophosphour, Leaf node, Nitroxin, Seed yield
Introduction The black seed is scientifically known as Nigella sativa L. from the family Ranunculaceae, which is susceptible to deficiencies in micro elements, including iron and poor soils. The concentration of Fe and Zn in soil solution is usually very low and is mostly mixed with organic matter. The solubility of Zn and Fe is strongly dependent on soil acidity. Managing nutrient intake can improve plant growth and product quality. Inappropriate nutrient management in today's common practice...
Topics: Micro element, Medicinal Plant, Nano chelate, Yield components
Introduction Intercropping is an old agricultural practice which is growing of multiple crop species at the same time in the same place. Traditionally, intercropping has been used to increase crop production and the efficiency of the resource as well mitigate any possible risk. Intercropping has been shown to decrease the risk of crop failure by increasing the crop yield stability over time. Intercropping creates biodiversity in the cropping systems, and it is considered to make the systems...
Topics: Land equivalent ratio, Replacement series, Resource use efficiency, Seed yield
Introduction: Phosphorus is the third most important nutrient in crop production after nitrogen and potassium. It is involved in all biochemical processes, energetic compounds, and energy transfer mechanisms. Phosphorus participates in the cellular proteins and cell membrane and nucleic acids. In addition, this element is essential for seed formation and root development. Also, this element recovery in the first year of application estimates to be 8 to 30%, and after 30 years rarely reaches to...
Topics: Benefit to cost ratio, Phosphorus use efficiency, Safflower, Yield components
Introduction Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Wild) is native to the Andean region of South America. Various genotypes of quinoa have a high diversity regarding different traits such as sensitivity to daylength, seed size and color, nutritional and anti - nutritional value of seeds, tolerance to biological and non - nutritional stresses. Considering the development goals of the quinoa, the need for new genotypes is very tangible. Fortunately, new genotypes of quinoa have become available that have...
Topics: Saponin, Seed yield, Spring planting
Introduction Intercropping system is the growth of two or more crops at the same time, which can lead to decreases in the risk of total crop reduction and increases in yield with control of weeds. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is a pseudo cereal with high nutritional value which is approximately a new crop in Iran. So, this research was conducted to assess the effects of additive intercropping of quinoa andpotato ( Solanum tubersum L.), and the methods of weeds control on yield and yield...
Topics: Manual weeding, Multiple-cropping system, Paraquat, Sole cropping, Weeds density
Introduction In the dry climate of southern Iran including Fars province, most precipitation occurs in winter, thus winter cereals such as triticale ( Triticosecale Wittmack) experience water shortage at booting, flowering and grain filling stages in spring. The booting, flowering and grain filling periods are the most sensitive stages to water deficit. Nitrogen fertilizer application is a farmer’s common practice to increase yield, but its performance depends mainly on soil water status than...
Topics: Biomass yield, Chlorophyll, Harvest index, Mean kernel weight
Introduction Sesame is one of the oldest crops. Ethiopia is commonly accepted as the origin of domestic sesame. Sesame is a diploid (2n = 26) plant that grows as a bush. Sesame has a special place among oil plants due to its high oil content and quality as well as its high oil durability. Drought stress is a condition that cells and tissues are in a state where their inflammation is incomplete. In other words, dehydration occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water...
Topics: Sesame, Tolerant cultivars, Water requirement, Yield
Introduction Nowadays, food production systems need to be explored for supplying the needs of the world's growing population, as well as sustainable production in the face of global climate change. In this regard, Cereal's yield has played a significant role in supporting global food security. The unceasing growth in demand for water in the industrial sector, drinking water, and reduction in the amount of water available for the agricultural sector has led to a reduction of water usage in rice,...
Topics: AquaCrop model, Irrigation, ORYZA2000 model, Planting date
Introduction : Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a member of Malvaceae family is a subtropical medicinal plant. This plant is self-pollinated and sensitive to cold. Bolls of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. One of the most important purpose to achieve high quality and quantity yield is evaluation of nutritional systems and irrigation management for plants. The use of chemicals in the production of medicinal plants in addition to environmental pollution, decreases the...
Topics: Boll yield, Cow manure, Harvest index, Irrigation
Introduction Water limitation can damage pigments and plastids, reduce chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, rate and grain filling period. One approach to improve the water stress problem is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza . The PGPR are a group of rhizosphere colonizing bacteria that produces substances to increase the growth of plants, synthesize different phytohormones, including auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, synthesize enzymes that can modulate plant...
Topics: Drought, Mosseae fungi, Nanoparticles, PGPR, Photosynthetic pigments
Introduction: Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the three major food crops worldwide. Approximately 50% of the world’s population uses rice as a staple food. Silica and zinc among nutrients play a key role in improving plant nutrition and increasing rice growth, so that a lack of these elements reduces growth and consequently reduces yield. Also fortifying rice with silicon and zinc can correct deficiencies of these elements in humans who consume rice. Materials and Methods: This experiment...
Topics: Grain silica, Grain yield, Grain zinc, Nanofertilizer
Introduction Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) as a drought sensitive crop is one of the main sources of human nutrition in different countries and it is cultivated almost all over the world. It is predicted that among the 25 studied countries, the decline in potato yield in Iran between 2040 and 2069 will be 13.3% for drought-adapted cultivars and 48.3% for non-drought-adapted cultivars. Annually 164.4 thousand hectares of agricultural lands in Iran are allocated to potato cultivation with a...
Topics: Stress tolerance index, Water use efficiency, Yield loss
Introduction: Increasing population growth along with the lack of freshwater resources have necessitated the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Application of suitable irrigation management with saline water can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Saline farming is based on the cultivation of crops and plant varieties that can tolerate high levels of salinity. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa...
Topics: 1000 kernel weight, Alternate moderate, Grain yield, Partial root-zone salinity-stress, Physical...
Introduction Iran with mean annual precipitation of 240 mm is considered located in arid zones of the world. Water deficit reduces plant growth and development by affecting various physiological and biochemical processes. Methanol foliar application is a method which increases crop CO 2 fixation in unit area. Recent investigation showed that C 3 crops yield, and growth increased via methanol spray and methanol may act as C source for these crops. Generally, the major role of this substance is...
Topics: Aken number, Organic and chemical improvers, Water deficit stress, Water use efficiency
Introduction: Purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual and C4 plant that belongs to the family of Portulacaceae that is tolerant to drought and salt stresses which contains high amounts of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins. Adaptation to both dry and saline conditions makes Purslane a prime candidate as a vegetable in areas with dry conditions and salty soils, often present together where land is irrigated. Purslane seeds provide nutritional value and have beneficial...
Topics: Biosulfur, Mycorrhiza, Nitroxin, Purslane, Vermicompost
Introduction : In Iran, clover is the second most important forage crop after alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) and is cultivated on a surface of about 70,000 hectares. Yield improvement of this plant could be achieved through autumn cultivation. Iran is still one of the main centers for the diversity of clover species, there is not much information about freezing tolerance of native species of this important plant. Since freezing stress is one of the most important winter stresses which causes...
Topics: Acclimation, Leaf area, Planting date, Recovery period, Survival
Introduction Investigating the effect of climate change on agricultural production in spatio-temporal dimension, development and use of crop management decision-support tools, supporting and target agronomic research and policy require a series of accurate and standard meteorological data. The weather station databases are often regional in coverage, and it can have extensive gaps in station coverage over time. It may also contain errors in climate records, station coordinates or elevation....
Topics: Agricultural meteorology, Spatio-temporal changes, Stations data, Validation
Introduction The optimum resource level in agro-ecosystems should be determined to decrease production costs, conserve resources, and mitigate environmental pollutions. Optimization is an effective and sustainable management approach to conserve resources and decline environmental pollutions. Response surface methodology (RSM) is defined as a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques used to develop, improve, or optimize a product. RSM is a statistical technique for optimization...
Topics: Central Composite Design, Economic- environmental scenario, Lack of fit, New crop, Sustainable...
Introduction Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a food crop with high protein, fiber, and minerals. One of the important issues in the formation of seed yield is how photosynthetic materials are allocated in plants. This may be especially important when the plant is experiencing drought stress. Brassinosteroids are a group of steroid hormones that have been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. Brassinosteroids increase crop yield by altering plant metabolism and...
Topics: Drought stress, Malondialdehyde, Proline, Relative water conten, Seed yieldt
Introduction Drought is the most severe abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and crop production. Many physiological processes in plants are impaired by drought stress. Also, this stress can damage the photosynthesis of plants, pigments and plastids reduce chlorophyll a, chlorophyll band other carotenoids, hydrolyze proteins and prevalent photochemical reactions in most plants. The response of plants to drought stress depends on several factors such as developmental stage, severity,...
Topics: Bio fertilizers, Grain filling rate, Mycorrhiza, Water limitation
Introduction Sugar beet, scientifically known as Beta vulgaris L, is allogamous, diploid, biennial plant of the spinach genus that is cultivated to produce storage roots. The growth period of sugar beet, depending on environmental conditions and genotype, varies from 5 to 9 months and is known as a late maturing plant. Therefore, estimating the yield reduction due to leaf fall plays an important role in farm management. In addition to the effects of stressors, some farmers may use sugar beet...
Topics: Leaf damage, Growth stage, Percentage of sugar, Root yield
Introduction Mycorrhiza fungus is of special importance in organic agriculture and in relation to the coexistence of all root characteristics of the host plant is affected and also improves the water relationship in the host plant. With application of mycorrhizal fungus, the plant absorbs soil water better and as a result, by increasing the relative moisture content of the leaves, the stomata are open for a longer time and carbon dioxide processing is done optimally, resulting in more...
Topics: Antioxidant enzymes, Chlorophyll, Drought stress, Mycorrhiza
Introduction: Many experiments have shown that Silicon (Si) can reduce the effect of both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants caused by plant diseases, pest damage, salinity, drought, heavy metal toxicity, nutrient imbalance, water logging, high radiation, high temperature, wounding, and freezing. It has been indicated that silicon has a beneficial role in plant nutrition such as enhancement in absorbing nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and zinc. Beneficial results of silicon application on...
Topics: Bentonite, Mintubers, Nanoclay, Nanosilica, Silicon
Introduction Sustainable agriculture is necessary to tackling environment pollutions whilst protecting food security and reducing dependence to fossil fuels. Conservative agriculture is a sustainable system for crop production which improves crops production. No-till system is one of the methods of Conservative agriculture which decreases greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. Mulching is also one of the other methods of conservation agriculture which covers the soil surface with varied...
Topics: Chemical fertilizer, Conservation agriculture, Grain protein yield, Legumes
Introduction : Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops in the world. However, rapid increase in world population and adverse effects of climate change, such as prolonged drought, has resulted in challenges in food security. One of the important factors in reducing rice yield can be the emergence and poor establishment of seedlings in the field. Seed treatment before sowing is the foundation for activation of seed resources that in combination with external...
Topics: Emergence percentage, Grain yield, Harvest index, Panicle length, Plant height
Introduction The high nutritional value of quinoa and its ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions have led to an increase in the area under cultivation globally. Quinoa has attracted particular attention in recent years due to its ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions and its high nutritional value. Water scarcity stress is one of the non-bioenvironmental stresses that has destructive effects on crops' development and yield. Morphological, physiological, and...
Topics: Catalase, Drought stress, Glycine betaine, Peroxidase, Proline
Introduction One of the important factors in the adaptation of plants to new environmental conditions is the appropriate response of development stages to temperature and photoperiod regimes. The thermal time, growing degree days (GDD) or heat unit concept is commonly the basis for modeling phenological development in crop models for different common crops and under-utilized crops. The GDD concept describes crop development as a function of temperature accumulation above the base temperature...
Topics: Day length, Growing degree day, Mid-maturity, Sowing date, Thermal time
Introduction Environmental condition and appropriate planting date are the most important factors in producing optimal yield. Different planting dates lead to adaptation of plant vegetative growth period to different temperatures, daytime, and solar radiation. Therefore, it affects the development, production of biomass and ultimately plant yield. The effect of environmental factors on phenological stages of the plant makes the planting date differ from region to region and between genotypes in...
Topics: Chlorophyll, Essential oil, Nitrogen, Relative water content
Introduction Proper planting date and irrigation rate are the most important factors for better use of rainfall and soil moisture and thus increase crop yield. Production of medicinal and aromatic plants and the demand for natural products in the world is increasing, so that the twentieth century has been named as a return to nature and the century of using herbal medicines. Proper growth and development of medicinal plants in agricultural conditions requires knowledge of the ecological...
Topics: Biological yield, Crop growth rate, Harvest index, Number of spikes per plant, Water requirement
Introduction: Drought is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the productivity of crop plants around the world. An optimal partitioning of dry matter between root and shoot, therefore is of crucial importance for crop yield under drought stress. Deficit irrigation strategy and planting crops with low water requirements and low expectations, for example, Kochia is very important under drought stress. Kochia is a salt- and drought-tolerant species that can be...
Topics: Deficit irrigation, Halophyte, Potted study, Root morphology
Introduction One approach for medicinal plants cultivation expansion is to sow them in rainfed areas. In recent years, the study of valuable types of medicinal plants, development of cultivation and meeting the needs of the pharmaceutical industry has been one of the goals of scientific and research centers. Savory is a valuable medicinal species in the world. The aerial parts and volatile constituents of Satureja species are commonly used as a medicinal herb and flavoring agents. They can be...
Topics: Cow manure, Medicinal plants, Savory, Straw
Introduction Wheat is the most important staple food crop in the world as well as in Iran. About 63% of the wheat cultivation areas and 40% of its production is under dryland conditions in Iran. Water and nitrogen are the two most important limiting factors for wheat production in dryland conditions. However, the role of water is about 2.3 to 3.9 times the nitrogen because the water deficiency limits the absorption of the nutrients especially nitrogen. Nitrogen deficiency is very critical than...
Topics: Nitrogen use efficiency, Water use efficiency, Yield, Yield components
Introduction Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to family Amaranthaceae and subfamily Chenopodiaceae, native to the Andes of the Americas. Due to the climatic diversity of Iran, one of the notable cases is the study of planting history as the most important factor in adapting and increasing plant yield; therefore, this study was conducted to determine the optimum sowing date of quinoa in Kavar (city of Fars province). In that experiment, the yield response...
Topics: Dry matter, Quinoa, Remobilization, WUE, Yield
Introduction Potato plays an important role in global food security and it growth and tuber yield are influenced by many biotic and abiotic stresses, such as drought and low or high temperatures. Potato in Khuzestan province is facing unfavorable weather conditions, especially high temperature. Humic acid and amino acid, as well-known biostimulants, can directly or indirectly influence on plant growth and yield and significantly mitigates the injuries caused by abiotic stresses. In some...
Topics: Amini acid, Crop growth rate, Growth analysis, Humic acid, Relative growth rate
Introduction Water deficit is one of the factors limiting the growth of plants in the world and is the most common environmental stress. Several studies show decreasing in growth, yield and plant death as a result of unfavorable water or water stress conditions. Management of nutrients consumption along with water consumption management influences the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops and medicinal plants. Although, chemical fertilizers provide plant nutrients for the plants faster...
Topics: Lamiaceae, Nutrients, RWC, Water requirements, Yield
Introduction Medicinal plants in the world are very important and currently the demand for medicinal herbs is on the rise due to higher requirement of products need in the pharmaceutical, health and food industry. Therefore, the assessment of various systems of plant nutrition is one of the important needs of agricultural planning in order to achieve high yield with high quality, especially in medicinal plants. Manure increase soil fertility and improves the growth and yield. This experiment...
Topics: SPAD, Manure (Cow manure), Chlorophyll, Carotenoids
Introduction Camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] oilseed is a low-input crop that grows and yields well in semiarid regions with low-fertility or saline soils in comparison with other crops. Camelina seeds contain 30–40 percent oil. Camelina is an annual plant from the Brassicaceae family that has short and fast growth. Camelina is well adapted to cool temperate and semi-arid climates, it is more tolerant of drought and spring freezing than rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Also, Resistance...
Topics: Harvest index, Leaf nitrogen, Oil crops, Oil percent, Protein percent
Introduction Changes that occur during aging affect seed quality. Vigor is the first component of seed quality that decreases with aging seed, and followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. The seeds of soybeans are classified in the orthodox seeds. These seeds contain high amount of lipid and protein. Seed viability can only be maintained until few months of storage under normal conditions. One of the important steps in soybean seed industry is...
Topics: Antioxidant, Deterioration, Priming, Rockweed
Introduction: The Food and Drug Administration has classified pot marigold as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) substance. Foliar nutrition acts as an effective tool for nutrient management in plants, and foliar nutrition can be used successfully to address wide spread nutrient deficiencies, especially in critical plant growth stages. Plants are able to absorb amino acids, amides and many nitrogen compounds through their roots or leaves. Also, plant symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi causes...
Topics: Chlorophyll index, Mycorrhiza, Oil, Root colonization
Introduction Lamiaceae is a large plant family with many important genus like Ziziphora . This genus has four species in Iran. Three species including Z. tenuior, Z. persica and Z. capitata are annual and Z. clinopodioides is Perennial. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. is an aromatic plant that leaves and flowers are frequently used as a traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of colds and cough. In Iran, this plant is mostly used in traditional medicine as a sedative, carminative,...
Topics: Lamiaceae family, Polegone, Seed, Yield
Introduction Quinoa is a plant that has received worldwide attention due to its ability to grow in different stresses. The seed protein content of this plant is higher than seeds and its protein quality is better than seeds and legumes. It is rich in the amino acids lysine, globulin, which makes it suitable for patients with celiac disease. These issues have led the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) to prioritize its development, especially in countries facing...
Topics: Deficit irrigation, Evaporation pan, Nutrition system, Organic fertilizer, Relative water content
Introduction Wheat is globally one of the most critical cereals. It is necessary to increase its yield to cope with the increasing population through management improvement or breeding due to decreased arable lands. Soil moisture before planting and rainfall during the growing season are the two primary water supply sources for rainfed wheat production. However, the non-uniform distribution of rainfall during the growing season leads to drought, affecting crop water consumption and natural...
Topics: Chlorophyll, Nitrogen use efficiency, Protein percent, Remobilization, Water use efficiency
Introduction Over the past few decades, agriculture has experienced rapid intensification in agricultural ecosystems. Although, this production pattern has significantly improved the yield of some crops, but has also led to an uncontrolled increase in the consumption of various chemical inputs. Agricultural activities are always dependent on natural resources and therefore have complex relationships with the environment. Evidence shows that the negative consequences of these activities, which...
Topics: Climate change, Indigenous knowledge, Global warming, Smallholder and traditional farming system
Introduction Drought is the most important environmental stress that limit plant growth and crop production around the world. Long-term tension affects all metabolic processes of the plant and as a result, it often reduces plant production. On the other hand, potatoe is important for dry matter production and dietary intake and has been ranked as the fourth crop for volume of production after wheat, rice and corn. Due to water scarcity, population increase and necessity of more production of...
Topics: Cell membrane stability, Drip irrigation tape, Relative water content, Tuber yield
Introduction Potato ranks the first with respect to the amount of energy production per unit area. It is cultivated in about 19.5 million hectares throughout the world and its annual production is about 375 million tons. Iran ranks the third in Asia and 12th in the world in potato production and produces around 4.5 million tons of potato annually. Potato is a sensitive crop to water deficiency and its water requirement is higher compared to many other crops. Due to ever decreasing of water...
Topics: Drought stress, Satina, Savalan
Introduction Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) has a special rank among oilseeds due to its outstanding agronomic characteristics. Planting date is an important factor that affects grain yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Delay in rapeseed planting reduces vegetative growth period and produces plants with less biomass, and reduces yield components and grain yield due to the exposure of the reproductive stage to high temperatures. Proper nutrition of the plant is one of the important...
Topics: Grain silica concentration, Grain yield, Grain zinc concentration, Oil percentage
Introduction Considering the conditions of Iran in terms of water resources, high consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and low consumption of potassium fertilizer, less water use in rice cultivation and balance in chemical fertilizer consumption will play very important role in saving and wasting water. Rice production should increase in the coming years due to population growth, and this is possible due to the use of improved cultivars and agricultural management. Water is the most important...
Topics: Crop management, Paddy field, Water use efficiency
Introduction It is well accepted that application of chemical fertilizers contaminates the water and soil resources and reduces the quality of agricultural and medicinal products, which subsequently creates serious environmental issues. Currently, to improve soil fertility and have sustainable production, bio-fertilizers as an alternative to the chemical fertilizers have been widely applied. Product quality and production sustainability are very important parameters for medicinal products. In...
Topics: Antioxidant activities, Competitive stress, Humic acid, Medicinal plant, Phenol
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